Modern Norse-Paganism: Reviving the Ancient Ways in Contemporary Life
Article by Eirynth Vinterdóttir
Introduction: The Enduring Flame of the Old Faith
Modern Norse-Paganism, often referred to as Heathenry or Ásatrú in its broader sense, represents a contemporary revival of the spiritual and cultural traditions rooted in the ancient Norse peoples of Scandinavia and their Germanic kin. This path draws directly from the beliefs, practices, and worldview of the Vikings and their ancestors, who inhabited the rugged landscapes of what is now Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and parts of the British Isles and continental Europe during the late Iron Age and early Medieval periods, roughly from the 8th to 11th centuries. Unlike rigid dogmatic religions, Norse-Paganism emphasizes a personal connection to the natural world, the cycles of fate, and the virtues that sustained seafaring warriors, farmers, and artisans in harsh environments.
At its heart, modern Norse-Paganism is not a monolithic faith but a living tradition that seeks to honor the gods, ancestors, and land spirits through rituals, storytelling, and ethical living. Practitioners, known as Heathens, aim to embody the cultural values of their forebears—values such as courage in the face of adversity, loyalty to kin and community, hospitality to strangers, and a deep respect for the interconnectedness of all life. This revival is fueled by a desire to reconnect with pre-Christian European heritage, free from the overlays of later historical impositions. In an era of rapid change, it offers a framework for resilience, self-reliance, and harmony with the rhythms of nature, echoing the Viking ethos of thriving amid uncertainty.
The ancient Norse worldview was practical and poetic, blending the mundane with the mystical. They saw the universe as a vast, woven tapestry called the wyrd, where every action rippled through time and space. Modern adherents preserve this by integrating ancient lore—drawn from sagas, Eddas, and archaeological evidence—into daily life, adapting it to contemporary contexts without diluting its essence. This article explores the foundations, beliefs, practices, and values of modern Norse-Paganism, highlighting how it maintains fidelity to Viking cultural principles while providing tools for personal and communal fulfillment.
Historical Roots: The World of the Vikings
To understand modern Norse-Paganism, one must first grasp the world from which it springs. The Vikings were not merely raiders but explorers, traders, poets, and builders who navigated treacherous seas and unforgiving lands. Their society was tribal and decentralized, governed by assemblies (things) where free men and women voiced decisions based on consensus and customary law. Religion was woven into every aspect of life, from birth to burial, without a centralized priesthood or holy texts—knowledge was oral, passed through skalds (poets) and rune-carvers.
The primary sources for Norse beliefs are the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, compiled in the 13th century by Icelandic scholars like Snorri Sturluson, who drew from older oral traditions. Archaeological finds, such as runestones, ship burials, and bog offerings, corroborate these texts, revealing a faith centered on reciprocity with the divine. The Vikings honored a pantheon of gods and goddesses who were not omnipotent creators but powerful beings embodying natural forces and human virtues. Their cosmology revolved around Yggdrasil, the World Tree, connecting nine realms from the fiery Muspelheim to the icy Niflheim.
Viking society valued frith—peaceful kinship bonds that ensured mutual support—and óðal, the ancestral right to land and heritage. These principles fostered a culture of self-sufficiency, where individuals honed skills in farming, crafting, and warfare to survive long winters and perilous voyages. Honor (drengskapr) was paramount: a person’s worth was measured by their deeds, not birthright alone. Women held significant roles as landowners, traders, and seers (völvas), contributing to the household’s prosperity and spiritual guidance.
Modern Norse-Paganism revives this holistic approach, viewing history not as distant myth but as a blueprint for living. Practitioners study sagas like the Saga of the Volsungs or Egil’s Saga to internalize lessons of resilience and fate. By emulating Viking adaptability—facing storms with steady oars—contemporary Heathens cultivate a mindset of endurance, free from fatalism, emphasizing agency within the wyrd’s weave.
Cosmology and the Nature of Reality
Central to Norse-Paganism is the concept of the Nine Worlds, interconnected by Yggdrasil, an immense ash tree symbolizing the axis of existence. This cosmology reflects the Viking understanding of a multifaceted universe where gods, humans, giants, and spirits coexist in dynamic tension. Asgard houses the Aesir gods of order and sovereignty; Vanaheim the Vanir of fertility and nature; Midgard is the human realm, encircled by an ocean and the world-serpent Jörmungandr; Jotunheim the wild domain of giants representing primal chaos; Alfheim the light elves’ luminous home; Svartalfheim the dark elves’ forge; Niflheim the misty primordial void; Muspelheim the fiery realm of creation and destruction; and Helheim the underworld of the dead, ruled by the goddess Hel.
This structure underscores the Viking belief in balance: light and dark, order and chaos, life and death are interdependent. Ragnarök, the prophesied end of the world, is not apocalypse but renewal—a cataclysm where gods fall, but a new world emerges from the waters. Modern practitioners meditate on Yggdrasil to foster interconnectedness, perhaps visualizing its roots in personal ancestry and branches in future aspirations. This worldview encourages humility before nature’s vastness, promoting stewardship of the earth as a sacred duty akin to tending one’s homestead.
Fate, or wyrd, is another cornerstone. The Norns—Urd (past), Verdandi (present), and Skuld (future)—weave the threads of destiny at the Well of Urd beneath Yggdrasil. Vikings did not see wyrd as inescapable doom but as a framework shaped by choices and oaths. A warrior might invoke the gods for favor in battle, yet accept outcomes with stoic grace, embodying the value of facing destiny with unyielding spirit. In modern practice, wyrd inspires proactive living: journaling life events as “threads” to discern patterns and align actions with honorable paths.
Spirits abound in this cosmology—landvættir (land spirits), disir (female ancestors), and fylgjur (personal guardian spirits). Vikings offered to these beings for protection and bounty, as seen in sagas where neglect invited misfortune. Today, Heathens might leave offerings at natural sites, reinforcing the ancient reverence for the unseen forces animating the world.
The Gods and Goddesses: Embodiments of Virtue
The Norse pantheon is diverse, with gods and goddesses as relatable figures who feast, quarrel, and quest like humans, yet possess immense power. Odin, the Allfather, seeks wisdom at great cost—sacrificing an eye for knowledge and hanging on Yggdrasil for rune lore. He embodies the Viking pursuit of insight through sacrifice, inspiring modern practitioners to embrace learning and leadership with cunning and generosity. Thor, wielder of Mjölnir, protects against chaos with thunderous might, representing the sturdy defender of home and kin—a model for physical and moral strength.
Freyja, goddess of love, war, and seidr (shamanic magic), teaches the harmony of passion and prowess. Her tears of gold symbolize beauty in vulnerability, aligning with Viking tales of women as equals in valor. Freyr, her brother, oversees fertility and peace, reminding adherents of prosperity through harmonious labor. Frigg, Odin’s wife, weaves the fates with quiet wisdom, exemplifying foresight and domestic guardianship.
Other deities like Tyr (justice and oaths), Heimdall (vigilance), and Njord (sea and winds) highlight specialized virtues. Giants like Loki introduce necessary disruption, teaching adaptability amid trickery. Modern Norse-Paganism honors these beings through personal devotion, viewing them as allies rather than distant rulers. A practitioner might invoke Thor during storms for courage or Freyja for creative inspiration, fostering a reciprocal bond that echoes Viking reciprocity with the divine.
Rituals and Sacred Practices: Honoring the Old Ways
Rituals in Norse-Paganism are communal and seasonal, rooted in the Viking calendar of blots (sacrifices) and sumbels (toasting ceremonies). Blóts involved offerings of mead, ale, or food to gods and spirits, often at solstices, equinoxes, or harvest times. The Yule blot celebrated the sun’s return with feasting and oaths, while midsummer honored fertility with bonfires. Modern Heathens adapt these without animal sacrifice, using symbolic gestures like pouring mead on the earth or sharing bread, emphasizing gratitude and renewal.
Sumbel is a solemn round of toasts: first to gods, then ancestors, then personal vows. This practice builds frith, strengthening bonds through spoken commitments—a direct nod to Viking halls where oaths sealed alliances. Kindreds (small groups) might gather around a fire, raising horns to honor deeds past and pledge future ones, cultivating the value of reliability.
Seidr and galdr represent magical arts. Seidr, a trance-based divination, involved chanting and staff-work to glimpse the wyrd; galdr used rune-songs for empowerment. Vikings consulted völvas for guidance on voyages or feuds. Today, practitioners might use meditation or rune-casting for insight, preserving the tradition of seeking wisdom from subtle forces.
Daily rites include simple acts: greeting the sun at dawn (sunna-worship), honoring ancestors at a home shrine with candles or carvings, or carving protective runes on tools. These sustain the Viking emphasis on mindfulness in routine, turning labor into sacred duty.
Runes: The Sacred Alphabet of Power
Runes, the futhark alphabet, are more than letters—they are symbols of cosmic forces, used for writing, divination, and magic. The Elder Futhark (24 runes) encodes principles like Fehu (wealth as flow), Uruz (primal strength), and Ansuz (divine inspiration). Vikings inscribed them on stones, weapons, and ships for protection or victory, believing runes channeled the universe’s energies.
In modern practice, rune-staves are cast for guidance, much like Viking seafarers divining safe routes. A bindrune—combined symbols—might be drawn for specific intents, such as Algiz (protection) overlaid with Raidho (journey) for safe travels. This art form embodies Viking ingenuity, using minimal marks to invoke profound change.
Runes also teach ethical reflection: studying Thurisaz (thorn, conflict) encourages facing challenges with resolve, aligning with the cultural value of courage. Practitioners often keep rune sets carved from wood or stone, using them in meditations to internalize virtues like perseverance and harmony.
Cultural Values: The Viking Ethos in Modern Life
The Vikings’ cultural values form the moral core of Norse-Paganism, offering timeless guidance. Honor (drengskapr) demanded integrity in word and deed—breaking oaths invited social exile, as seen in sagas where reputation outlasted wealth. Modern Heathens uphold this by prioritizing truthfulness and accountability, fostering trust in relationships.
Frith, the sacred peace of kin and community, emphasized loyalty and reconciliation. Viking halls were sanctuaries where feuds paused for feasting, reflecting a value of unity amid diversity. Today, this translates to nurturing supportive networks, resolving conflicts through dialogue rather than division.
Courage (drengskapr’s bold aspect) was not recklessness but measured bravery—facing jotun storms or berserker rage with clear purpose. Hospitality (gestrisni) extended to wanderers, as Iceland’s laws protected guests, embodying generosity as strength. Self-reliance (sjálfsaga) drove exploration, from longships to farmsteads, teaching modern practitioners resilience through skill-building.
Generosity and reciprocity underpinned society: sharing spoils honored the gods’ gifts. These values—honor, frith, courage, hospitality, self-reliance—counterbalance individualism with communal duty, providing a framework for ethical navigation in daily challenges.
Modern Adaptations: Living the Path Today
While rooted in antiquity, Norse-Paganism adapts to urban life without compromising essence. Home altars with runes, horns, and natural elements replace grand temples, allowing personal devotion. Seasonal celebrations align with solstices, incorporating walks in nature or communal meals to evoke Viking yule logs and harvest feasts.
Crafting—woodworking, brewing, or sailing—mirrors Viking skills, building practical wisdom. Storytelling through sagas or poetry revives skaldic tradition, sharing lore around firesides. Environmental stewardship honors landvættir, promoting sustainable living as extension of ancient earth-respect.
Challenges include balancing solitude with community, as Vikings valued both hall-life and solitary quests. Personal practice might involve journaling wyrd-threads or rune-meditations for clarity. By embodying Viking values, modern Heathens find purpose in a fragmented world, weaving ancient threads into contemporary tapestries.
Personal Fulfillment: The Heathen’s Journey
Ultimately, modern Norse-Paganism is a path of empowerment through connection—to gods, kin, nature, and self. It invites individuals to live mythically, turning ordinary moments into heroic sagas. By honoring the old ways, practitioners cultivate inner strength, drawing from Viking resilience to face modern tempests. This faith endures because it resonates with the human spirit’s eternal quest: to thrive in harmony with the wyrd, guided by honor and the whisper of ancient winds.
Norse-Wiccan Simple Samhain Ritual for a Couple
By Willow Voss
Performed skyclad under the waxing or full moon closest to Samhain, in a secluded grove, with consent as the unbreakable Rede, honoring the thinning veil and the ancestors.
Preparation
Choose a sacred space in nature or a shadowed chamber, lit by the flicker of Samhain’s somber light. Anoint with oils of myrrh or patchouli for mystery and grounding. Bathe in stream water or an infusion of mugwort and rosemary for purification and ancestral connection. Set a simple altar with found items: stones for Earth, a raven feather for Air, a candle or small fire for Fire, a bowl of rainwater for Water. Symbols for Freyja (amber stone, falcon imagery) and Odin (raven imagery, a small staff or rune-carved wood) adorn the space, but hands and intent cast all.
Casting the Circle
Stand skyclad, facing north.
Join hands and walk deosil (clockwise) thrice around the space, visualizing a silver mist boundary, shimmering like the veil between worlds.
Chant together:
“By will and word, we cast this circle, a veil between the worlds, sacred and whole, on this Samhain night.”
- Call the Quarters, starting East, moving deosil, gesturing with open hands:
- East (Air):
“Hail Guardians of the East, powers of Air and wisdom, breath of Odin’s ravens, come witness and protect.” - South (Fire):
“Hail Guardians of the South, powers of Fire and will, Freyja’s burning seiðr, ignite our rite.” - West (Water):
“Hail Guardians of the West, powers of Water and intuition, Freyja’s tears of gold, flow through us.” - North (Earth):
“Hail Guardians of the North, powers of Earth and endurance, Odin’s rooted wisdom, ground our magick.”
- East (Air):
- Invoke the center:
“Spirit within, bind this circle true, as the veil thins.”
Invocation of Deities
Stand facing each other, beneath Samhain’s moon.
- Priestess raises arms:
“Freyja, Vanadis, Lady of love, war, and seiðr, golden-haired mistress of Folkvangr, descend into me, fill me with your ecstasy and power on this Samhain night. So mote it be.” - Priest kneels briefly:
“Odin, Allfather, Wanderer of wisdom, sacrifice, and runes, raven-crowned god of Valhalla, enter me, grant your insight and strength. So mote it be.” - Embrace lightly, awakening the divine presence, feeling the ancestors’ gaze.
The Five-Fold Kiss
To bless and arouse the gods within, performed fully twice. First, priest to priestess:
- Priest kisses priestess’s feet:
“Blessed be thy feet, that walk the paths between worlds.” - Priest kisses priestess’s knees:
“Blessed be thy knees, that kneel at the sacred altar.” - Priest kisses priestess’s vagina:
“Blessed be thy womb, vessel of creation and life.” - Priest kisses priestess’s breasts:
“Blessed be thy breast, formed in beauty and strength.” - Priest kisses priestess’s lips:
“Blessed be thy lips, that utter the Sacred Names.”
Then, switch: priestess to priest:
- Priestess kisses priest’s feet:
“Blessed be thy feet, that wander with the Allfather.” - Priestess kisses priest’s knees:
“Blessed be thy knees, that kneel at the sacred altar.” - Priestess kisses priest’s phallus:
“Blessed be thy phallus, spear of wisdom and life.” - Priestess kisses priest’s chest:
“Blessed be thy chest, formed in strength and vision.” - Priestess kisses priest’s lips:
“Blessed be thy lips, that speak the Sacred Names.”
Scourging for Purification
Stand facing each other, the priest holding the scourge. With mutual agreement, the priestess receives first:
- Priest says:
“By the touch of the scourge, I purify thee, releasing all that binds thee from the ancestors’ truth.” - Gently strikes the priestess’s shoulders and back five times, light and rhythmic, symbolizing the shedding of mortal weight.
- Priestess takes the scourge, saying:
“By the touch of the scourge, I purify thee, freeing thy spirit for the gods and the veil.” - Returns five gentle strikes to the priest’s shoulders and back.
- Both breathe deeply, visualizing cleansed energy rising, open to Samhain’s mysteries.
Ritual Dancing (Raising the Cone of Power)
Join hands and dance deosil around the space, feet stamping the earth, bodies swaying beneath the Samhain moon. Chant in unison, voices building:
“Freyja’s seiðr, Odin’s runes,
weave through us as the veil communes.
Power rise, from earth to sky,
in Samhain’s truth, our magick fly!”
Visualize energy as a glowing cone spiraling upward, shimmering with ancestral whispers. Continue until the surge peaks, breaths quickened, forms alive with primal heat.
The Great Rite Actual
At the zenith, enact the sacred marriage—the true union of bodies as Freyja and Odin. On a bed of fallen leaves, moss, or herbs, the priestess receives as the Goddess, the priest gives as the God. With reverence and consent:
- Priestess:
“I am the Goddess, vessel of creation and seiðr.” - Priest:
“I am the God, spear of wisdom and life.” - Unite in ritual intercourse, moving with the surging rhythm, channeling power into the joining. Female receptive, male projective, blending into oneness under the thinning veil. Chant softly:
“As Freyja and Odin entwine, so do we divine.”
Climax releases the cone toward the intent (connection to ancestors, wisdom, transformation). Linger connected, grounding the ecstasy, feeling the ancestors’ presence.
Cakes and Ale
Share simple food (apples, bread, pomegranates) and drink (mead, wine, or cider) to earth the energy and honor the dead.
- Priestess offers drink:
“May you never thirst, in this world or beyond.” - Priest offers food:
“May you never hunger, in this world or beyond.” - Partake, spilling libations to the deities, elements, and ancestors.
Thanksgiving and Closing
- Thank the deities:
“Freyja and Odin, we thank thee for thy presence and blessings on this Samhain night. Depart if ye must, but stay if ye will. Hail and farewell.” - Dismiss the Quarters widdershins (counterclockwise), starting North, gesturing farewell:
- North:
“Guardians of Earth, hail and farewell.” - West:
“Guardians of Water, hail and farewell.” - South:
“Guardians of Fire, hail and farewell.” - East:
“Guardians of Air, hail and farewell.”
- North:
- Walk widdershins thrice, visualizing the silver mist dissolving:
“The circle is open, but unbroken. Merry meet, merry part, merry meet again, across the veil.”
Ground by touching the earth, eating more, or visualizing roots sinking deep, carrying Samhain’s wisdom.
!!!Content below the break is NSFW!!!
Read More…Willow’s Guide to Norse Wicca
By Willow Voss
Hello, seeker. My name is Willow Voss, age 18, and I’m writing this from the quiet corners of my small apartment in Janesville, Wisconsin, where the woods whisper secrets and the moon watches over my solitary rituals. It’s 1992, fresh out of high school, and I’ve been walking the Wiccan path for a few years now, drawing from books that feel like old friends—Gerald Gardner’s wisdom, Starhawk’s earth-centered magic, and the ancient echoes of Norse lore that call to my blood like the wind through pines. I’m no high priestess in a grand coven; I’m just a girl with pale skin and black hair, clad in my velvet blouse and Doc Martens, tending my altar of stones and herbs. But I’ve woven together what I call Norse Wicca—a simple, powerful blend of British Traditional Wicca (BTW) roots with the raw, mythic strength of the Norse traditions. It’s not for rigid hierarchies or large gatherings; it’s crafted for solitaries like me, for couples who share a deep bond, and for casual small groups of friends who meet under the stars without fanfare.
This guide isn’t a rulebook carved in stone. It’s my personal map, inspired by the Wiccan Rede—”An it harm none, do what ye will”—and the Norse Hávamál’s counsel to live wisely and honor the gods. BTW gives it structure: the duality of Goddess and God, the circle casting, the tools of power. But I’ve oriented it toward the lone practitioner, the intimate pair, or a handful of trusted souls, because magic thrives in authenticity, not spectacle. We’ll keep it grounded, like the earth under my boots during a woodland rite. No need for elaborate robes or secret oaths beyond your own heart’s vow. Let’s walk this path together, step by step, with the simplicity of a rune-carved staff and the power of a thunderstorm.
Chapter 1: Foundations – Understanding Norse Wicca
Norse Wicca is my way of honoring the old gods of the North—Odin the Allfather, Freya the Vanir queen, Thor the thunderer—through the lens of Wicca’s modern revival. BTW, as founded by Gardner in the 1950s, emphasizes initiation, polarity (the balance of masculine and feminine energies), and coven work. But in Norse Wicca for solitaries and small circles, we adapt: self-initiation replaces formal rites, and polarity becomes a personal dance, whether alone, with a partner, or in a loose group of 3-5.
At its core, believe in the Divine as dual yet one: the Goddess as the earth-mother Skadi or the seeress Frigg, weaving fate; the God as Odin the wanderer or Frey the fertile lord, bringing growth. The Norse pantheon isn’t distant; they’re allies in the web of Wyrd (fate), much like Wicca’s Lord and Lady. We follow the Wheel of the Year, but infuse it with Norse festivals—Yule as the Wild Hunt, Ostara as Freya’s awakening. Ethics are simple: Harm none, including yourself and the earth. Honor the ancestors, the land spirits (wights), and the runes as tools of insight.
For solitaries: Your practice is your own. No need for approval; the gods see your intent.
For couples: Polarity shines here—masculine and feminine energies in union, like Odin and Frigg’s wisdom shared.
For small groups: Gather casually, perhaps around a fire pit. No high priest/ess; rotate roles or let intuition guide.
Start with a dedication rite: Alone or together, under the full moon, cast a circle (more on that later), invoke the gods, and pledge your path. Use blood from a pricked finger on a rune stone if it feels right—simple, powerful, binding.
Chapter 2: The Sacred Space – Creating Your Altar and Circle
In Norse Wicca, your altar is your hearth, a bridge to Asgard and Midgard. Keep it simple: A wooden table or cloth on the floor, facing north for the earth’s strength.
Essential tools, drawn from BTW but Norse-flavored:
– *Athame (knife)*: A blade for directing energy, etched with runes like Algiz for protection. Use it to cast circles.
– *Wand*: Carved from oak or ash (Yggdrasil’s wood), for invoking gods.
– *Chalice*: A horn or cup for mead/offering, symbolizing the Goddess’s womb.
– *Pentacle*: A wooden disk with a carved pentagram, perhaps ringed by runes, for earth grounding.
– *Cauldron or Bowl*: For scrying or burning herbs, like Freya’s brewing pot.
– *Runes*: A set of 24 Elder Futhark stones or tiles—your oracle, beyond BTW’s tarot.
Add personal touches: Feathers for Odin’s ravens, stones from your local woods, a Thor’s hammer pendant.
For the circle: BTW teaches casting with athame, calling quarters. In Norse Wicca, adapt to the directions as realms—East (Air, elves), South (Fire, Muspelheim), West (Water, Niflheim), North (Earth, Jotunheim). Invoke the gods at center.
Solitary: Walk the circle thrice, whispering runes.
Couple: One casts, the other calls elements—masculine/feminine balance.
Small group: Pass the athame, each adding a rune chant.
Close by thanking, walking widdershins (counterclockwise). Simple ritual: Light a candle, say, “By Odin’s eye and Freya’s grace, this circle opens to time and space.”
Chapter 3: The Gods and Spirits – Who We Honor
Norse Wicca reveres a pantheon alive with stories from the Eddas. No blind worship; build relationships through offerings and meditation.
Key deities:
– *Odin*: Wisdom, poetry, sacrifice. Call for knowledge; offer mead and poetry.
– *Freya*: Love, magic, war. Goddess of seidr (Norse witchcraft); invoke for spells of attraction or protection.
– *Thor*: Strength, protection. Hammer for warding; offer ale and oats.
– *Frigg*: Home, fate. For divination and family magic.
– *Frey*: Fertility, peace. For growth rites.
– *Skadi*: Wilderness, hunt. For solitary strength.
– *Loki*: Change, trickery. Approach cautiously; he teaches flexibility.
Ancestors and wights (land spirits): Leave milk and bread outdoors. In rites, honor them first.
For solitaries: Meditate on one god daily, journaling visions.
Couples: Alternate invocations—her for Goddess, him for God.
Small groups: Share stories round-robin, invoking collectively.
Power comes from reciprocity: Give offerings, receive guidance. Simple prayer: “Odin Allfather, grant me sight; Freya fair, lend your might.”
Chapter 4: Magic and Spellwork – Simple, Powerful Practices
Magic in Norse Wicca is seidr meets Wiccan craft—intent woven with runes, herbs, and will.
Basics from BTW: Raise energy (chanting, dancing), direct it, ground.
Norse twist: Use galdr (rune chanting) for power.
Tools: Runes for divination/spells; herbs like mugwort for visions, oak for strength.
Simple spells:
– *Protection*: Carve Algiz on a stone, bury at thresholds. Chant: “Algiz guard, harm depart.”
– *Love (for couples)*: Bind two runes (Gebo for partnership) with red cord under full moon.
– *Prosperity*: Offer to Frey with seeds; plant them post-rite.
For solitaries: Self-focused, like rune meditation for insight.
Couples: Great Rite symbolic—union of athame and chalice for polarity magic.
Small groups: Circle dance to raise cone of power, then release for shared goal.
Ethics: Threefold law applies—what you send returns. Always with Rede.
Advanced: Seidr trance—sit with staff, journey to realms. Start simple: Breathe deep, visualize Yggdrasil.
Chapter 5: The Wheel of the Year – Norse-Infused Sabbats
Wicca’s eight sabbats, blended with Norse holy days. Celebrate simply: Outdoors if possible, with fire and feast.
– *Yule (Winter Solstice)*: Wild Hunt; honor Odin. Solitary vigil with yule log; couples exchange runes; group storytelling.
– *Imbolc (Feb 1-2)*: Brigid’s fire, Norse as Disablot (ancestors). Cleanse with snowmelt.
– *Ostara (Spring Equinox)*: Freya’s return. Egg rites for fertility.
– *Beltane (May 1)*: Maypole as Yggdrasil; polarity strong for couples.
– *Litha (Summer Solstice)*: Baldr’s light. Bonfire leaps.
– *Lammas (Aug 1)*: First harvest; thank Frey.
– *Mabon (Autumn Equinox)*: Second harvest; honor wights.
– *Samhain (Oct 31)*: Veil thin; ancestor feast, like Alfblot.
Esbats (full moons): Lunar magic, Freya’s domain. Simple: Scry in water, charge tools.
Adapt: Solitaries journal; couples share visions; groups potluck rituals.
Chapter 6: Daily Practice and Growth – Living the Path
Norse Wicca isn’t weekend magic; it’s woven into life.
Daily: Morning rune draw for guidance; evening gratitude to gods.
Meditation: Sit under a tree, breathe with earth’s pulse.
Journal: Track dreams, spells—my black-bound book is my grimoire.
For couples: Shared altars, joint meditations strengthen bonds.
Small groups: Meet monthly, no obligations—casual as a coffee chat, but with runes.
Growth: Self-initiate after a year and a day. Rite: Fast, bathe in herbs, vow to gods in circle.
Challenges: Doubt? Ground with walks. Loneliness? Remember, gods are company.
Chapter 7: Community and Ethics – Beyond the Self
Though solitary-oriented, connection matters. Join pagan meets casually, but guard your energy—I’m introverted, so I choose wisely.
Ethics: Rede first. Respect nature—pick herbs sustainably. Inclusivity: All welcome, no judgment on orientation (though I’m straight, magic is universal).
If forming a small group: No oaths; consent always. Rotate leadership.
Closing Thoughts
This is my guide, seeker—not the only way, but a simple, powerful thread in Wyrd’s tapestry. Walk it with heart open, boots grounded. May Odin grant wisdom, Freya magic, and the earth strength. Blessed be, in the old ways.
With quiet grace,
Willow Voss
Janesville, 1992
Frigga Appearance
The Goddess Frigga is a tall and slender figure, standing at about six feet tall. She has long, flowing blonde hair that falls in soft curls down her back and shoulders. Her skin is pale and flawless, with a soft glow that surrounds her. She has piercing blue eyes that seem to see into the very depths of one’s soul.
Frigga is dressed in a flowing white gown that drapes elegantly over her body. The gown is adorned with intricate gold embroidery and is cinched at the waist with a golden belt. She wears a golden crown on her head, adorned with shining gems that sparkle in the light.
In her right hand, Frigga holds a golden staff that glows with a powerful energy. She carries herself with a regal grace and exudes a sense of calm and wisdom.
Overall, Frigga is a stunningly beautiful and powerful goddess, commanding respect and awe from all who behold her.
Frigg Poem
Frigg, queen of the gods,
Wife of Odin, mother of all,
She weaves the fates of men,
And holds the keys to Valhalla’s hall.
In her palace, Fensalir,
She sits and sees all that will be,
She knows the secrets of the world,
But rarely does she speak, for she is free.
She is the silent seeress,
Loyal wife and mother true,
She weaves the mists of fate,
And guides the lives of those she knew.
Frigg, goddess of fertility,
Protector of hearth and home,
We honor you this day,
For you are the queen of the gods alone.
Hail to Frigg, wife of Odin,
May your wisdom and strength never fade,
For you are the mother of all,
And we thank you for your aid.
Heathen God, Goddess and Wight Invocations
Written by Ingeborg Nordén, Volmarr Wyrd, and Amarina
The following are invocations for Norse gods, goddesses, and wights. Many are based on kennings from the Skaldskaparmal in the Prose Edda. Please feel free to copy and use any of these invocations on your own website or in your own rituals!
Odin
Hail Odin! Husband of Frigg. All-father. Father of battle. One-eyed god. Many-shaped. Wanderer. Hanged god. Raven god. Spear-thruster. Wish-bringer. Galdr-father. Graybeard. Deep hood. Thief of Odhroerir. Kinsman of Mimir. Lord of the Wild Hunt. Yule rider. Finder of the Runes. God of the Gautar. Ruler of Valhalla!
Frigg
Hail Frigg! Wife of Odin. Mother of Balder. Silent seeress. Ruler of Fensalir. Distaff goddess. Loyal wife and mother. Weaver of Mists!
Thor
Hail Thor! Son of Odin and Jord. Father of Magni, Modi, and Thrud. Husband of Sif. Stepfather of Ullr. Ruler and owner of Mjollnir, the Girdle of Might, and Bilskirnir. Defender of Asgard and Midgard. Enemy and slayer of giants and troll-wives!
Sif
Hail Sif! Wife of Thor. Golden-haired. Mother of Ullr. Grain goddess!
Balder
Hail Balder! Son of Odin and Frigg. Husband of Nanna. Father of Forseti. Owner of Hringhorni and Draupnir. Enemy of Hodr. Hel’s companion. Most fair of gods!
Njord
Hail Njord! Husband of Skadi. Dweller in Noatun. Seafarers god. Descendant of the Vanir. Father of Freyr and Freyja. Lover of boats. Fairest of feet!
Skadi
Hail Skadi! Unhappy bride of Njord. Ski-goddess and snowshoe-goddess. Daughter and avenger of Thjazi. Bow-goddess. Loki’s cold-hearted foe. Inheritor of Thrymheim!
Freyr
Hail Freyr! Son of Njord. Brother of Freyja. Husband of Gerd. Trusted friend of Skirnir. Descendant of the Vanir. Harvest god and wealth-giver. King of Alfheim. Blot-god of the Swedes. Possessor of Skidbladnir, and the boar known as Gullinbursti. Beli’s slayer. Enemy of Surtr. Wielder of the stag-horn. Fruitful one. Sure giver. Father of the Yngling line. Lord of the Volsi!
Gerd
Hail Gerd! Daughter of Gymir. Shining-armed bride of Freyr. Bearer of the icy mead-goblet!
Freyja
Hail Freyja! Daughter of Njord. Sister of Freyr. Descendant of the Vanir. Possessor of Brisingamen. Od’s wife. Vanir-bride. Teacher of seidh. Love goddess. Gold-thirsty one. Queen of witches!
Heimdall
Hail Heimdall. Son of nine mothers. Guardian of the gods. Enemy of Loki, and recoverer of Freyja’s Brisingamen. Owner of the horse Gulltopp. Bifrost’s watchman. All-hearing one. Father of the three kindreds!
Tyr
Hail Tyr! One-handed god. Feeder of the wolf. Battle god. Sword god. Oathbinder. Lawkeeper. Leader of the Thing. Truest and most steadfast of gods!
Mimir
Hail Mimir! Keeper of the wisdom-spring. Odin’s kinsman!
Bragi
Hail Bragi! Idunn’s husband. Inventor of poetry. The long-bearded god. Son of Odin!
Idunn
Hail Idunn! Wife of Bragi. Keeper of the apples of youth. Captive of Thjazi. Vitality goddess.
Vidar
Hail Vidar! Silent god. Possessor of iron shoes. Enemy and slayer of Fenriswolf. Avenger of gods. Son of Odin!
Vali
Hail Vali! Son of Odin and Rind. Stepson of Frigg. Balder’s avenger. Enemy and slayer of Hodr!
Hodr
Hail Hodr! Blind god. Balder’s slayer. Shooter of mistletoe. Son of Odin. Hel’s companion. Vali’s enemy!
Forseti
Hail Forseti! Fair-minded. Baldr’s son. Settler of strife. Even-handed lawgiver. Warder of the holy spring. God of the golden axe. Dweller in Glitnir. Help of the Frisians!
Ullr
Hail Ullr! Son of Sif. Stepson of Thor. Ski god. Bow god. Hunting god. Shield god!
Loki
Hail Loki! Odin’s blood-kin. Son of Farbauti and Laufey. Father of Fenriswolf, and Jormungand. Comrade and table-companion of Odin and the Aesir. Thief of Brisingamen, and Idunn’s Apples. Relative of Sleipnir. Husband of Sigyn. Enemy of gods. Sif’s hair-harmer. Maker of mischief. Cunning god. Accuser and tricker of the gods. Contriver of Balder’s death!
Aegir
Hail Aegir! Husband of Ran. Ale-brewer. Gatherer of sea-gold. Father of the nine waves. Feast-friend of the Aesir and the drowned. Keeper of the great kettle!
Hel
Hail Hel! Keeper of the dead. Hostess of Baldr and Hodr. Half-living one. Garm’s mistress. Dweller in Eljudnir!
Eir
Hail Eir! Dweller on Lyfjaberg. Best of healers!
Holda
Hail Holda! Dweller in Venusberg. Guardian of unborn children. Maker of snow. Giver of flax. Keeper of the waters of fertility. White goddess. Lady of the wild hunt. Overseer of the distaff at Mothers’ Night!
Lofn
Hail Lofn! Helper of lovers unable to wed!
Var
Hail Var! Witness to all oaths. Foe to all who break them!
Saga
Hail Saga! Benchmate of Odin. Lady of Sokkvabekk. Seer of the times. Talespinner!
Nerthus
Hail Nerthus! Sister of Njord. Mother of Freyr and Freyja. Eldest Mother. Bearer of the Harvest. Hidden Goddess!
The Norns
Hail the Norns! Choosers of lives. Writers of Orlog’s runes. Lawspeakers at the Well!
Jord
Hail Jord! Mother of Thor. First Wife of Odin. Daughter of Nott. Goddess of earth!
Sunna
Hail Sunna! Daughter of Glen. Bright rider in the heavens by day. Driver of Alsvin and Arvak. Wearer of Svalin. Day-star. Ever-glow. All-bright. Wolf-chased. Fair-wheel. Grace-shine. Ensnarer of Trolls!
Mani
Hail Mani! Son of Glen. Bright rider in the heavens by night. Fosterer of Hjuki and Bil. Waxer and waner. Year-counter. Wolf-chased. Gleamer. Marker of time. Whirling Wheel!
Disir
Hail the Disir! Ghosts of our kinswomen. Warders at birth and death!
Alfar
Hail the Alfar! Ghosts of our kinsmen. Freyr’s bright followers. Friends of the Aesir!
Dark Elves and Dwarves
Hail the Dark Elves! Dwellers in the hill and barrow. Dvalin’s kin. Brewers of Odhroerir. Upholders of Ymir’s skull. Shapers of the gods’ gifts!
House Wights
Hail the House Wights! Unseen keepers of home. The small ones. The goodfolk!
Einherjar
Hail the Einherjar! Chosen of Odin. Shield-brothers of Valhalla. Warriors at Ragnarok!
Valkyries
Hail the Valkyries! Shield-maidens. Choosers of the slain. Weavers of the battle-web. Riders of storm-wolves. Victory-givers. Wish-maidens of Odin and Freyja!
Hail Nehalennia! Beautiful goddess of the hounds, trade, and sea! Lost lady of the Vanir! Ancestor of Njord, Freyja, and Freyr!
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Feel free to copy and use this so long as you acknowledge the source.
Download this as a OpenOffice Doc – Heathen God, Goddess and Wight Invocations
What is Heathenism?
What is Heathenism?
Heathenism is a religion that honors the ancient Norse, Anglo-Saxon, or Germanic gods and goddesses. These are the same gods and goddesses that the Vikings and pre-Vikings worshiped. It is a religion open to anyone who feels a closeness to such gods and goddesses.
How Does One Follow Heathenism?
“The mind alone knows what is nearest the heart…. Each man is his own judge” {Havamal}
Heathenism is a very individualistic path and there are about as many ways to practice it as there are people who practice it. You will find many conflicting ideas about what Heathens believe (the only thing Heathens tend to agree on is that they worship the Norse, Anglo-Saxon, or Germanic gods and goddesses). One follows Heathen by being close in their heart, to one or more of the Norse, Saxon, or Germanic gods and goddesses.
What are Some Variations of Heathenism?
Other terms used to describe variations of, or traditions similar to Heathenism, are Asatru, Vanatru, Odinism, Theodism, Norse-Paganism, and various other more obscure traditions. Asatru is fairly much another way to say Heathenism, though some may consider it a bit more specialized in some aspects. Vanatru tends to focus more on the Vanir, the group of gods and goddesses who are more concerned with nature and fertility. Odinism tends to focus more so on Odin as the leader or head of the gods/goddesses. Theodism is a form of Heathenism which focuses on the Anglo-Saxon aspect of the gods/goddesses and it tends to have a very tribal hierarchal structure to it. People who like to label their practice as Norse-Paganism tend to take a more loose interpretation on rituals and ways of thinking about and honoring the gods/goddesses, or perhaps they prefer to relate more to the general Neo-Pagan scene than to the Heathen scene. Some Norse-Pagans tend to be a bit more into Wicca than Heathenism or like to mix both together in some sense. Even there are some people who consider themselves Norse-Wiccan, but that falls outside of the scope of what can be considered Heathenism or related to Heathenism.
How Do You Worship?
The most common ritual is called a blot. In this ritual one normally offers drinks such as mead, beer, or fruit-juice to a god or goddess. Sometimes one may instead offer other drinks such as milk, spring water, or sometimes some type of food, or any other gift. There are various days which are holy in Heathenism.
The idea is to build a bond of friendship between the gods and goddesses and the worshiper. That is the form of relationship one seeks within Heathenism with their deities. Not that of bowing down or lessening oneself like in many other religions. A common important theme in Heathenism is that of giving and being given in return. Heathenism puts strong importance on balance and fairness in one’s dealings. Always being truthful is very important. And giving back in equalness to what another gives to us.
Another form of ritual is called a Sumbel. This is more free form and open-ended. This is a group-only ritual in which one passes a drinking horn of fruit juice around and each person gets to toast to whichever deity they want. Also sometimes in this one makes a vow to perform some action, or toasts to an ancestor or person they hold in high regard (living or dead).
Do You Believe in Magick?
Many Heathens practice a related form of magick. There are two common systems. The Heathen cosmology is very magickal in nature. Some people practice both of these magickal systems. Some people just one. Even some people practice no magick at all.
One is based on the writing, carving, and chanting of special magickal symbols called runes. Runes are very potent. Each rune has a name that can be chanted in a special way called Galdoring. Also traditionally one would carve the symbol itself into wood. Nowadays people tend to write them with other materials and techniques as well. Odin is the god in charge of this magickal system.
The other magickal system is very shamanistic in nature. It is called Seidh. It is maybe not as popular as the runic magickal system since it is not as easy to actually practice. It involves trances and inner journey work. Sometimes there are tantric-like sexual practices. Freya is the goddess in charge of this magickal system.
Please Tell About Your Gods/Goddesses
There are many gods and goddess in Heathenism. Many have slightly different variations of their names based upon the exact culture and time period one is connecting to. Some deities have a lot of nicknames and aliases. Here are some of the deities of the Heathen religion.
Odin/Óðinn/Woðanaz/Woden/Wodan/Wuotan/Wodans
Odin is Allfather. He was the first god–the creator of man and all the nine worlds. He is always seeking knowledge and magickal powers. He is the one who discovered the runes when he hung himself from the world tree, Yggdrasil, for nine days and nine nights. He has one eye, as he sacrificed one of his eyes to take a drink from the well of Mimir (thus increasing his knowledge). He has two ravens and two wolves as pets. The two ravens Hugin (thought) and Munin (memory) fly forth each day to gather information about happenings in all the nine worlds. He keeps half those who have died in battle in his hall, Valhalla. He tends to like to stir up battle amongst men so he can receive more warriors to his abode. He is a master of disguise and loves to travel the nine worlds pretending to not be himself. He probably has more aliases and nicknames then any other deity. He loves to seduce women even though he is married to Frigga. His favorite color is blue. Wednesdays are sacred to him.
Thor/Thórr/Thunor/Donar/Thunars/Thunaraz
Thor is a big well-muscled fellow with red hair and beard. He is the protector of the gods and men from the frost giants (forces of destruction). He has a quick temper, but a big heart. He has a powerful weapon called Mjollnir (Thor’s Hammer). Many Heathens wear a representation of this hammer around their neck as protective pendant. Thor’s Hammer is a magickal tool used for blessing and protection. Whenever Thor throws his hammer it comes back to him (like a boomerang). The Thor’s Hammer represents phallic might. It has potent fertility power. Thor is always going off to the east to fight the giants. He has a flying wagon pulled by two goats. His wife is Sif. His favorite color is red. Thursdays are sacred to him.
Freya/Freyja/Freo/Frawi/Fraujon
Freya is the most magickally oriented goddess! She is very beautiful and well sought after by many beings but she remains single. It is said she once had a mate who vanished. She has many lovers in all the nine worlds. She has a magickal falcon cloak that allows her to fly through all the nine worlds. She practices a powerful form of magick called seidh. This is a type of sexual shamanism. She comes from the very wealthy Vanir side of things. The gods are divided between the Aesir and Vanir groups. Long time ago both sides fought a war, but later on settled and formed a truce. Now they act as one group. Freya has a very firie type of energy. Fire and gold were associated together to the ancient Norse. She has a magickal necklace called Brisingamen. Her tears turn to amber. Gold is her favorite color. Fridays are sacred to her.
Frey/Freyr/Frea/Fro/Frauja/Fraujaz/Fro Ing
Frey is ancestral King of Sweden. He is the brother of Freya. He has very potent male sexual might and is often depicted with a constant erection. This shows his intense fertile powers. As such he is very connected to material abundance. He is the god of peace and plenty. Though also a good warrior when the need arises. King of the Light Alfs (elves). He is very nature oriented, as are all the Vanir. His sacred animal is the boar and he has a golden one as pet, called Gullinbursti.
Tyr/Tiw/Ziu/Teiws/Tiwaz
The god of justice, order, structure. He is a warrior and always fights with honor. He sacrificed one hand in order to bind the dangerous wolf, Fenrir. So he has only a stump where one of his hands was. Some say he used to be the sky father before Odin took over. Tuesdays are sacred to him.
Idun/Iðunn
She is the keeper of the golden apples of youth that keep the gods from aging. She is connected to health and long life. Once she was kidnaped and all the gods aged and got very weak til she was recovered.
Loki
Few worship Loki (except maybe on April Fools Day, or when worshiping Odin, since Odin swore to only accept an offering if Loki get’s a share as well). He is the god of disorder, chaos, and playing tricks on people. He is always creating bad situations for the gods. But he is always also getting them out of the bad situations. He helps create change and growth by creating challenge, so he is useful despite his negative aspects. He is always somewhat of a double agent and unpredictable and likes to play both sides against each other. Later on he turned actually evil, but was more of a mischief maker earlier. It was after he arranged to have Balder killed that he turned to the “dark side”. The mistletoe is sacred to him.
Balder
A god loved by all for his peacefulness and generally lovableness. He is the most handsome of all the male gods. His mother Frigga made all creatures swear an oath that they would never cause him harm (except she forgot the mistletoe). Later on Loki set Hodur (a minor blind god) up to throw a mistletoe dart at him. All the gods had been having sport of the fact that nothing could harm Balder and thus would spend all day tossing stuff at him and watching it bounce harmlessly off of him. Anyways the dart killed Balder instantly. They tried to fetch him from out of Hel (land of the dead, peaceful place of rest, nothing like the Christian Hell with two Ls) but Hel (the goddess in charge of Hel) would not release him. There he shall remain til after Ragarak. His favorite color is white.
Frigga/Frigg/Fricg/Frige/Frija/Frijjo
Wife to Odin, and mother to Balder. She knows all things but does not speak of them. She is very much connected to all things maternal and to motherly duties. The perfect wife type.
I’d Like to Learn More!
A good place to start is to read as many books on Heathenism and the Norse gods and goddesses as possible. The most important text of all are the Eddas (both poetic and prose form). Also any books that tell about the story of the gods are great to read. Heathenism is a religion that requires much pondering and deciding what makes sense to you. It’s not a packaged type religion like most where you are told what you can and can’t do and everything is spelled out for you. It’s a religion for thinkers and individualists! Of course this is not to say that there are not plenty of groups out there with their own (very strongly held) ideas about what Heathenism is, as there are plenty! But the best place is to start on your own. Once you have decided for yourself what Heathenism means to you then you can search for a group of like-minded people if it’s your desire to be part of a group! Many Heathenism practice alone. Some get together at times with other close Heathen friends to celebrate.
Here are lots of links to explore to learn more. These are best explored in the order given:
YouTube: An Introduction to Heathenry
YouTube: An Introduction to the Heathen Festivals
YouTube: The Gods and Goddesses of Battlehall (Valhalla)
YouTube: Gods and Goddesses of Stormbright Hall (Bilskirnir)
YouTube: The Goddesses of Fenbank Hall (Fensalir)
YouTube: The Gods and Goddesses of Vanhome
YouTube: The Gods and Goddesses of Friendly Hall (Vingolf)
YouTube: Gods and Goddesses of Hel
YouTube: An Introduction to Haethen Elf Lore
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: An Altar
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: The Foundation
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Holy Lore
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Your First Ritual
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Meet the Gods
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Working Daily
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Prayer vs Spell
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: What is a Prayer?
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Idols
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Offerings and Sacrifices
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Communications Through the Runes
A Heathen Path Blog- Getting Started: Finding the Balance
Wikipedia: Germanic Neo-Paganism
Wikipedia: Heathenry in the USA
Wikipedia: Heathenry in Canada
Wikipedia: Neo-Paganism in the UK
Wikipedia: Neo-Paganism in Scandinavia
Wikipedia: Neo-Paganism in Germany and Austria
Wikipedia: Neo-Paganism in Southern Europe
How to avoid group failed oaths effecting the group’s orlog (luck, karma)
The Norse Viking Concept of Right vs Wrong..
The issues of immigration, racism, and the Vikings and how it relates to Heathenism..
You might be oriented towards the Vanir if…
Page linking to my Heathen rituals
God, Goddess, and Wight Invocations
eBook – Ravenbok: The Raven Kindred Ritual Book
Book: Gods of Asgard – Stories about the Norse gods and goddesses in a comic book form which is based on the lore.
Book: The Norse Myths – The best book to get for starting to learn about the Norse gods and goddesses.
Book: Essential Asatru – This is the best book to get for anyone new to Heathenism. It gives a very well researched, accurate, fair and balanced perspective on things.
Book: True Magick – Though this book does not talk about Heathenism or very much about magick related to it, it is am important book to read to understand the basic concepts of magick and things related to the modern Neo-Pagan scene.
Book: Illusion – This is not a book about Heathenism, or even about Paganism. This is a book that helps one to come to understand how to _think in a spiritual way_ and open ones mind in a way that is needed for properly understanding Heathen, Pagan, and magick. This book is written in story form.
Book: Futhark – This is the first book to start with for learning the runes and the magickal systems related to them. First before starting to study the runes though gain a complete knowledge of the gods and goddesses and Norse cosmology and understand wyrd.
Book: Runelore – This is the second book to get to learn about the runes.
Book: Northern Mysteries and Magick – This should be the fifth book to get in the study of runes and runic magick.
Book: Our Troth Book 1 – Very in depth well research, HUGE, two set of books. Between the both of them they are close to 1000 pages, so not for the beginner anyways.
Book: Our Troth Book 2 – This is the second book of Our Troth. Just as massively filled with information as the first one.
Book: Northern Tradition for the Solitary Practitioner – Once you are already practising Heathenism, this is a must read book. It is all about making your practice more spiritually focused. Ignore the Loki and giant stuff in it.
eBook PDF: The Poetic Edda translated by James Chisholm
eBook PDF: The Well and the Tree – This book explains the important concept of wyrd in Heathenism. This concept is very important for understanding Heathen magick and sumbel.
The Road to Hel – Book that explains the Norse conception of death and the after life.
Book: The Poetic Edda Translated by Lee M. Hollander
Book: The Poetic Edda Translated by Carolyne Larrington
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